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A sport is an activity that is governed by a set of rules or customs. Sports are commonly referred to the activity where the physical capabilities of the competitor are the sole or primary. Sports have been increasingly organized from the time of the ancient Olympics up to the present century.

The entertainment of sports together with the spread of mass media and increased the leisure time, which has led to the professionalism in sports. At that time the sports and politics can have a large amount of influence on each other.

The definition of sports above put forward the idea of an activity pursued not just for the usual purposes for example, running not simply to get places, but running for its own sake. Sports are a very interesting part for our entertainment. Sports (are divided into)provide us so many categories like cricket, badminton, hockey, football, tennis, golf, baseball, basketball and many more popular sports. Games are also an entertaining pass time or an interesting part and they play a very vital role in our life.

These days equal stress is laid upon sports and academics in the educational in situations. Sports have become a part and parcel of the education. No college or school can be said to be complete without its sports. In all the games some rules must be followed. Those who play foul are not allowed to play. If rules of the game are not observed games will no longer remain the civilized activities of human beings.

Sports are generally divided into four types such as racing, opponent, achievement and mind sports where as the mind sports are divide into two parts such as chess and mastermind.

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Golf

Golf is the sport game in which the players are using several types of clubs and hits a ball into each hole on the golf course in the lowest possible number of strokes. The first game of golf was played at Bruntsfield links, in Edinburgh, Scotland in A.D. 1456. Now the golf has become the worldwide sport, with a golf courses on the majority of countries.

Golf equipment basically encompasses into various items that are used to play the sport of golf. Players usually carry many types of clubs during the game. In this game, there are three types of club that is irons, woods and putters. Golf is played with in the area of land that is designated by a golf course.

Each game of golf is based on a number of holes and each hole is classified by its par as well as, the par of a hole is determined by the tree-to-green distance. The typical length of the par-three hole ranges between 91 and 224 meters and the length of the par-four hole ranges between 225 and 434 meters. A round is basically consists of 18 holes that are played in the order which is determined by the course layout. On a nine-hole course, a standard round consists of two successive nine hole round.

The clubs of the golf game are divided into six types such as woods, irons, wedges, hybrid woods and putters.In the golf games, the players are sinking the small ball with the few strokes into consecutive holes and the hole is divided into three primary areas like A putting green area, Flat starting point and A fairway.

Cricket

Cricket is a game of two teams between eleven players. It is played with the bat and ball as well as it is divided into six overs. Cricket game is established with the team sport. It is the most popular sport in the world.

In the cricket, there are three types of bawlers like fast bawlers, spin bawlers and medium pace bawler. The ball has bounces only one time before reaching the batsman. In the sport of cricket, the bawling is like a action of propelling the ball towards the wicket defended by a batsman. It is played on the grass field and roughly in the oval shape.

All batsman plays the ball with the wooden type of cricket bat and the remaining members of the bawler's team stand with the different positions. In this game if the batsman not out, then they run between the wickets and exchanging ends with the second batsman.

Two-on fields umpires preside over a match. One empire stands on the behind of the bawler's wicket and the other one stands with a side view of the batsman.

The cricket field consists of the large oval shaped with the grassy ground. Its diameter is usually between 450 feet to 500 feet. The parameter of the field is known as boundary and the boundary is marked with the painted line or with a rope.

The main purpose of the bawler's team is to get the each batsman out and the purpose of the batting team is to score as many runs.

Football

Football is the game which is played on the rectangular grass. It is played with the ball. In this game, the goalkeeper is the only player who allowed to use their hands and arms to propel the ball. The main purpose of the game is to score by manoeuvring the ball into the opposing goal and the remaining members of the goalkeeper are use their feet to kick the ball into a position. The team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins.

The width of the fields for the non-international matches is in the range of 50-100 yards and the length is in the range of 100-130 yards. The international adult matches may be 64-75 meters in width and the 100-110 meters in length. In the front of each goal, there is also a one area for the penalty.

Football game has been established with the team sport and it is played by two teams of 11 players. It is one of the most popular game in the world. In this game, the points are scored in a variety of ways, by throwing the ball to another player, including carrying the ball over the goal line or kicking the ball through the goal posts on the opposing side.

The main object of the game is to score a point by just clicking the ball into the goal of the other team. There is also a one referee and the two assistant referees. The basic equipment for the players are required to wear a footwear, shorts, socks, shirt and adequate shin guards. But the goalkeeper must wear the clothing for the easily distinguishable from that worn by the other players and the match officials.

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Tennis

Tennis is a game of two players and between two players of two team. Along with its millions of players and millions of people follow the tennis as a spectator sport. It is played at all levels of society as well as by all ages in many countries around the world. Now the tennis is the Olympic sport.

The tennis match is the composed of sets and the set is basically consists of a number of games which turn in the consist of points. To play the tennis first of all you need a racket, ball, net. The main purpose of this game is simply to hit the ball on the ground of the opponent's side of the court.

It is played on a rectangular court of a grass and a flat surface area. The court for single matches is 78 feet (23.77 m) long and its width is 27 feet. The net is high at the 3 feet in the center and 3 feet 6 inches high at the posts. Net is also divided it into two equal ends as well as it is parallel with the base lines also. The court for double matches is 36 feet (10.97 m).

The lines that delineate the width of the court are known as the service line as well as the baseline. In the center of each baseline the short mark is appeared which is referred to as the hash mark or the center mark. These types of boundaries are used when the doubles is being played. There are three types of court surfaces such as:

Grass

Clay

Hard

Types of sports

Sports are generally divided into two types such as racing and mind sports.

Racing

Race is a competition of speed. All of the competitors try to complete the given task of the race in a shortest amount of time. Running is a distance of the most form of racing, but the races are mostly conducted in the vehicles like aircraft, cars, boats and animals such as horses. Grassroots racing has proven to be one of the greatest programs in which IF has been envolved.

Mind sports
Mind sports include the two types of games like Chess, Mastermind. These two types of mind sports are given below:

Mastermind
Mastermind is a simple type of code-breaking game for two players which is invented in 1970 by Mordecai Meirowitz. The game is played by using three categories. A decoding board, with a shield at one end and covering a row of large holes and twelve additional rows which is containing the four large holes. Code pegs of six different colors, with round heads which will be placed in the large holes on a board.

Chess
Chess is the recreational game for two players and sometimes also called a Western chess and International chess. But today's the chess is one of the most popular game all over the India. This game is played by a millions of people in clubs, in tournaments, by correspondence.

OLYMPICS

Olympics is an international multi sport event which is divided into summer and winter sporting events. But the summer and winter games are held in every four years. The program of Olympic sports are generally consists of 53 disciplines, 35 different sports and more than 400 events.

Winter Olympic games are basically included only 7 sports with 15 disciplines as well as the summer Olympic sports are include 28 sports with 38 disciplines. The original Olympic programme in 1896 includes the nine sports such as weightlifting, swimming, tennis, shooting, wrestling, fencing, cycling, gymnastics and athletics.

The flag of Olympic games has divided into five different interlocking rings on a white ground that is black, blue, green, yellow and red. These five colors of the interlocking rings are represent the five parts of the world that were joined together in the Olympic movement. The five parts of the world are Asia, Australia, Africa, America and Europe.

The flag of Olympic game was first used in the 1920 Olympic games in Antwerp, Belgium. The symbols of the Olympic games are the icons, flags and symbols which are used by the international Olympic committee to permute the Olympic movement. Some such as the flame, fanfare and theme are the prevalent during the Olympic competition. But the others such as a flag can be seen through out the year.

Numbers of organizations are involved in the Olympic games. Three groups of organizations are operate on a specialized area. All of these three groups are mentioned below:

First one is International Federations which is governing the bodies of a sport. Second one is National Olympic committees, are regulate the Olympic movement within each country and the third one is organizing committees for the Olympic games.

RAFTING

Rafting or whitewater rafting is a challenging recreational activity utilizing a raft to navigate a river or other bodies of water. This is usually done on whitewater or different degrees of rough water, in order to thrill and excite the raft passengers. The development of this activity as a leisure sport has become popular since the mid 1970s.

History

Rafting is one of the earliest means of transportation, used as a means for shipping people, hunting, and transferring food.

In 1842, Lieutenant John Fremont of the U.S. Army first journalized his rafting expedition on the Platte River. Horace H. Day designed the equipment he used in rafting. Day’s rafts were constructed from four independent rubber cloth tubes and wrap-around floor. [1]
In 1960s, rafting was then recognized and paths like Grand Canyon were routed and whitewater rafting companies were established.
In 1970s, rafting marked its major development as a leisure sport when it was then included in the Munich Olympic Games.
In 1980s, as rafting continued to gain its popularity, many rivers were opened for rafting activities including rivers in South America and Africa.
In 1990s, rafting was included in major game events like the Barcelona Games in 1992, Atlanta Games in 1996, and the whitewater events of the Summer Olympic Games hosted by Ocoee River in Tennessee Valley. In addition, the International Federation of Rafting was instituted in 1997 and in 1999 the first Official International Championship was held.

SafetyWhitewater rafting can be a dangerous sport, especially if basic safety precautions are not observed. Both commercial and private trips have seen their share of injuries and fatalities, though private travel has typically been associated with greater risk. Depending on the area, legislated safety measures may exist for rafting operators. These range from certification of outfitters, rafts, and raft leaders, to more stringent regulations about equipment and procedures. It is generally advisable to discuss safety measures with a rafting operator before signing on for a trip. The equipment used and the qualifications of the company and raft guides are essential information to be considered.

Issues with rafting

Like all wilderness sports, rafting has to balance the conflict between nature protection and nature use. Because of frequent problems in the past, some rivers now have regulations restricting or specifying the annual and daily operating times.
Conflicts have also arisen with environmentalists when rafting operators, often in co-operation with municipalities and tourism associations, alter the riverbed by dredging and/or blasting in order to eliminate safety risks or create more interesting whitewater features in the river. Incongruously these measures usually are only temporary, since a riverbed is subject to permanent changes.
On the other hand, rafting contributes to the economy of many alpine regions which in turn may contribute to the protection of rivers from hydroelectric power generation and other development. Additionally, white water rafting trips can promote environmentalism. By experiencing first hand the beauty of a given river, individuals who would otherwise be indifferent to the environmental concerns of an area may gain a strong desire to protect and preserve that area because of a positive outdoors experience.

ARMY(NEPAL ARMY)

Nepal is asian country is landlocked by China and India. The country hosts eight of the ten highest peaks in the world (including the Mount Everest). Despite its strategic position the country has never faced territorial threats from its neighbours. The number of people active in the service has therefore always been relatively small.

The country has no separate Air Force but flies several aircraft within the 11th Brigade, also known as the Nepal Army Air Wing (established in 1979) as part of the Army. The main objective of this flying element is transport, flying paratroopers and assistance in case of an emergency (e.g. natural disasters). Apart from the 11th Brigade the country has established a VIP Flight. All aircraft are stationed at Kathmandu-Tribhuvan. Scattered around the country are 36 airfields that are able to support military operations. Many of them are configured only for short take-off and landing operations. Since 1996 the country is facing attacks by Maoist rebels trying to overthrow the constitutional monarchy and establishing a communist republic.

Their attacks have increased since the massacre within the Royal Family in 2001. This development has led to the need for armed helicopters. In recent years several types of aircraft have entered service; Mi-17s, M28 Skytruck, ALH Lancer and Dhruv. The UK has delivered two Islanders and two Mi-17s free off charge. Early 2005 King Gyanendra seized power by declaring a state of emergency (directly disarming the parliament). As a consequence of this move many countries suspended their aid to the country. China then entered the scene and decided to deliver an MA-60 (an Y-7 derivative). Protest from within the country have lead to reinstituting the parliament and King Gyanendra is no longer in charge. Apart from many other things thas has led to the name of the army being changed from Royal Nepal Army to Nepal Army. Abandoning outstanding aircraft orders is under consideration.

An army (from Latin Armata "act of arming" via Old French armée), in the broadest sense, is the land-based armed forces of a nation. It may also include other branches of the military such as an air force. Within a national military force, the word Army may also mean a field army, which is an operational formation, usually made up of one or more corps.
In several countries the army is officially called the land army to differentiate it from an air force called the air army, notably France. In such countries, the word "army" on its own retains its connotation of a land force in common usage.

FIELD ARMY

A field army is composed of a headquarters, army troops, a variable number of corps, and a variable number of divisions. A battle is influenced at the Field Army level by transferring divisions and reinforcements from one corps to another to increase the pressure on the enemy at a critical point. Field armies are controlled by a General or Lieutenant General.

Formation

A particular army can be named or numbered to distinguish it from military land forces in general. For example, the First United States Army and the Army of Northern Virginia. In the British Army it is normal to spell out the ordinal number of an army (e.g. First Army), whereas lower formations use figures (e.g. 1st Division).
Armies (as well as army groups and theaters) are large formations which vary significantly between armed forces in size, composition, and scope of responsibility.

Military history

Military history is a humanities discipline within the scope of general historical recording of armed conflict in the history of humanity, and its impact on the societies, their cultures, economies and changing intra and international relationships. A conflict may range from a melee between two tribal groups to conflicts between national militaries, and a world war of coalitions affecting the majority of the global human population. Military historians record and analyse the events of military history, the product of which forms an important part of how societies and their leaders formulate future plans and policies for societal development.[1]
While human conflict has been a constant factor in the process of human social evolution over thousands of years, its historical recording only spans six millennia. There is much disagreement about when it began.[2] Some believe it has always been with us, derived from conflicts with other species; others stress the lack of clear evidence for it in our prehistoric past, and the fact that many peaceful, non-aggressive societies have, and still do exist (See Otterbein, Fry and Kelly in bibliography below). In War Before Civilization, Lawrence H. Keeley,[3] says that approximately 90-95% of known societies engaged in at least occasional warfare, and many fought constantly.

TEA

Tea is a drink made by infusing leaves of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis, or Thea sinensis) in hot water. The name 'tea' is also used to refer to the leaves themselves; and it is also the name of a mid- to late-afternoon meal in the British Isles and associated countries, at which tea (the drink) is served along with various foods.

The Word Tea The "word tea" in most of mainland China (and also in Japan) is 'cha'. (Hence its frequency in names of Japanese teas: Sencha, Hojicha, etc.) But the word for tea in Fujian province is 'te' (prounounced approximately 'tay'). As luck would have it, the first mass marketers of tea in the West were the Dutch, whose contacts were in Fujian. They adopted this name, and handed it on to most other European countries. The two exceptions are Russia and Portugal, who had independent trade links to China. The Portuguese call it 'cha', the Russians 'chai'. Other areas (such as Turkey, South Asia and the Arab countries) have some version of 'chai' or 'shai'. 'Tay' was the pronunciation when the word first entered English, and it still is in Scotland and Ireland. For unknown reasons, at some time in the early eighteenth century the English changed their pronunciation to 'tee'. Virtually every other European language, however, retains the original pronunciation of 'tay'.

Different Kinds of TeaThere are about three thousand variation of tea depending upon its plantation, genetic "parentage", processing, blending etc But all tea comes from one plant i.e Camellia sinensis (This plant is a bush but if allowed to grow wild, it can reach the height of about thirty feet.) In general the tea can be categorized into three main categories i.e green, black, and oolong. There are, of course, many different varieties within these three main categories. The major differences between them are a result of the different processing methods they undergo. Black teas undergo several hours of oxidation (Fermentation), oolongs receive less oxidation or are semi-fermented, and green teas are not oxidized at all.

Black TeaThe preparation of Black tea involves hours of oxidation. All tea comes from tropical or subtropical climates. Tea plants will flourish where it is warm and where rainfall is heavy. While the rainy seasons are vital to the survival of the tea bush, the best teas are produced during the dry season. However, while the plant grows best in hot climates, the best quality tea is made in the cooler climates at altitudes of 3,000 to 7,000 feet. The slower growth of the tea leaves at high altitudes produce more flavorful tea. Black tea, currently accounts for approximately seventy percent of world tea consumption. Popular variations such as English Breakfast, Irish Breakfast, Darjeeling, Ceylon, Assam, and Keemun are all black teas. Many studies have indicated that black tea may possess some of the healthy properties associated with green tea, although the evidence is not as strong. More research is needed to determines black tea's role in human health.

Green TeaGreen tea is not fermented or oxidized at all; the freshly harvested leaves are rolled and fired immediately. As a result, green tea usually has more of a vegetative or herbaceous quality than blacks or oolongs. Most greens tea produces a greenish-gold liquor. A cup of green tea is generally much lighter than other teas. While Asian cultures have believed for centuries that green tea has properties beneficial to human health, modern science is just now discovering that this may be true. The green tea is more valued for its medicinal benefits.
Oolong TeaOolong tea, which is partially fermented (oxidized) tea, accounts for less than three percent of world consumption. Some tea enthusiasts insist that Oolong tea, which usually has a delicate flavor, is the champagne of all teas.